Towards a Critical Evaluation of Ethics Social Responsibility in Advertising

Introduction Today, more than ever before, advertising practitioners face ethical and social responsibility concerns that are common to all professionals, but they also stumble upon issues related to factors unique to the advertising industry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Towards a Critical Evaluation of Ethics Social Responsibility in Advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite some academic and popular debate of ethics and social responsibility challenges in advertising, ranging from their sweeping social ramifications to consumer insights of potentially distasteful advertisements, new and more complex challenges continue to present, in part, due to convergence of technology and today’s fractionalized media market place (Drumwright Murphy, 2004 p. 7). The challenges are further propelled by the fact that advertisements, in their most comprehensive nature, reach deeply into our most fundamen tal concerns, predominantly in as far as our interpersonal and family relationships, influence on target audiences, the desertion of cultural traditions, and the role of advertisement in society are concerned (Leiss et al., 1990 p. 1). Using a case study approach and comprehensive review of relevant literature, this paper will seek to illuminate the role advertisement plays in society. In particular, the paper will focus attention to ethics and social responsibility issues in advertisement, and how these issues affect or influences the role advertisement plays in the social setting. Additionally, the paper will seek to explicate some basic economic assumptions and how they can be violated by ethical and social responsibility concerns in advertising. It should be noted at this early juncture that the present paper will largely depend on personal opinions articulately backed by current literature on the above mentioned topics. A quick review of the case study demonstrates that the com plainant was objecting to an advertisement perceived to be phonographic and offending to children and other road users. According to his assessment, the picture of the naked woman in the advertisement was not only unlawful according to Australian advertising standards as set out by the relevant bodies, but was also causing distraction to other road users. The complainant, in my view, was largely relying on code 2.3 administered by the Advertising Standards Bureau (ASB), and which states that â€Å"†¦advertising or marketing communications shall treat sex, sexuality and nudity with sensitivity to the relevant audience and, where appropriate, the relevant programme time zone† (AANA, n.d.).Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The following section will largely rely on the advertiser’s response to bring into light critical issues that are relevant to this discussion. Ethi cs, Social Responsibility and the Role Advertisement Plays in Society In any part of the world, ethical and social responsibility issues are considered as mainstream topics in the advertising literature, in part, due to the self-regulating nature of the industry and the influence that advertisements have on consumers (Drumwright Murphy, 2004 p. 7). Indeed, ethics and social responsibility overall are immensely broad topics, but here they will be considered within the context of how they affect and influence the role advertisement plays in society, not mentioning that they will be compared along the continuum of the case study. Advertising ethics is basically concerned with â€Å"what is right or good in the conduct of the advertising function† (Drumwright Murphy, 2004 p. 7). In a broader sense, it concerns itself with questions relating to what ought to be done within the advertising framework, not just with what must be done to comply with any legal obligation. On its part , social responsibility has over the years emerged as a leading theme guiding the management and communication practice, especially after the recognition by practitioners that it is a valid and essential business tool that conveys concrete and superficial benefits for organizational and social outcomes. In a holistic orientation, social responsibility can be defined as an organization’s social commitments that go outside the scope of the organization and obligations set by the law, to advance a social cause (Kerr et al., 2008 p. 155). Both ethics and social responsibility are central to the advertising practice. However, ethical and social responsibility principles, in my view, are not laws or regulations in the same sense that legal restraints are; on the contrary, these principles are neither uniformly nor officially approved by all members of society, nor can the violators of ethical and social responsibility principles be sanctioned or chastised as by the law.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Towards a Critical Evaluation of Ethics Social Responsibility in Advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This challenge is further compounded by the fact that the advertising industry in many countries is self-regulated, implying that advertisers are jointly responsible for upholding advertising standards, codes and practices that ostensibly curtail harm to consumers and, by extension, society (Study Guide, p. 38). This exposition of facts lead to the conclusion that advertisers must at all times choose, on their own volition, to work within acceptable moral standards to avoid violating the consumers and, to a large extent, the society’s basic economic assumptions. When this is achieved, as Preston (2010) postulates, advertising intrinsically generates the potential to ensure consumer success and satisfaction in the market place (p. 259). From the case report, it is evidently cl ear that the board, in making its ruling, relied on the fact that the image used in the advertisement was consistent with the beauty industry. In other words, the image used in the advertisement is both industry and market specific. Pollay (1988) asserts that â€Å"†¦consumers and campaigns have often been researched carefully to identify perceptions, motivations and values of the audience. Advertisements are then designed to strike an emphatic note and deployed with increased media effectiveness† (p. 7). As demonstrated in the case report as well as this particular author, advertisements therefore influence public awareness, perceptions, expectations, attitudes, feelings, societal values, preferences and behaviour. In consequence, advertisements that are in taste with the product, service or industry being advertised, in my view, will always impact the society positively in as far as they are done in an ethical manner. A Ministry of Health advertisement, for example, ma y offer useful insights on how HIV/AIDS is transmitted, thus providing a conducive environment for the population to change their perceptions, attitudes and behaviour. As such, advertisements, in my view, act to disseminate information within the social context, not mentioning the fact that they act as knowledge conduits. Another strong point submitted by the advertiser in the case study is that of relevancy of the image to the advertisement.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While arguing their case for a three-tired framework for evaluating ethical considerations, Johnson and Scholes (1997) are of the opinion that the first tier of the framework – the macro level – should be largely concerned with considering the relative virtues of diverse socio-political structures, such as the free enterprise economies, and the objectives which profit-making organizations and, by extension, advertisement practitioners are expected to fulfil (p. 207). This assertion offers credence to the advertisement by virtue of the product being advertised (Naked Tan), the scope of the business in question and, finally, the purpose which the advertisement is expected to fulfil in a predominantly free enterprise economy. In consequence, it can be argued that advertisements, depicted along the continuum of the macro level of the three-tier framework, serves societal interests by not only lowering prices through sharing relevant information with the target audience, bu t also by stimulating product or service innovation. To achieve desirable outcomes, however, such advertisements must always adhere to ethical considerations and the plight of not only the target audiences, but also the greatest number of people in line with the utilitarian approach. Preston (2010) is of the opinion that â€Å"†¦while the law, as an external force, is the same for everyone in commerce, ethics is within each person’s mind, and so reflects individual and perhaps unique decisions† (p. 260). This assertion, in my view, can be effectively used to explain the discomfort felt by the complainant towards the image appearing on the advertisement in the case study. In line with the above assertion, there exist a wide body of literature demonstrating that ethical principles are cultural specific, and that different cultures have different ethical standards. Advertisement communication is also industry and product dependent (Study Guide, p. 24, 42). The unique ness of advertising along the spectrum of culture, industry, and product variables, in my view, is beneficial to the society since it does not only allow enhanced economies of scale by virtue of the fact that what may appeal to one segment may not necessarily appeal to another target audience, but it also assist in mass distribution of product information among various target audiences. The practice of advertising, as is the case in other disciplines, has its own negative effects. First, advertisements have been accused for projecting a biased position on products and services by creating needs and wants that only serve to drain scarce resources, thus demonstrating a negative economic underpinning to the society. In what is now commonly referred to as the Galbraith’s theory, John Kenneth Galbraith postulated that organizations â€Å"†¦do not use advertising to inform us about products that might sate our independently determined desires. Rather, the function of advertis ing and marketing is to bring into being wants that previously did not exist† (Potter, 2006 p. 2). This observation, in my view, is valid to the extent that advertisements are capable of creating a dependence effect especially in the case of minors who may be incapable of making decisions from an informed point of view. It is also worth noting that the superficial creation of wants that previously did not exist only serves to entrench the culture of consumerism among the target audiences, in the process benefiting advertisers by virtue of having a ready market for products and services, while seriously draining scarce financial and material resources at the societal level. Second, the practice of advertising has been accused for encouraging deception, more so in cases where the target audiences are incapable of making their own informed decisions. It is imperative to note that the culture of deception demonstrates unethical behaviour and is, in its own right, socially irrespon sible. Although children have over the last couple of years being receiving unprecedented level of attention from advertising practitioners and marketers, and that they are no longer viewed as adults-in-waiting but as rational agents in their own right (O’Sullivan, 2005 p. 371), chances are that they are likely to fall victim to unethical practitioners by virtue of the fact that their cognitive capacities may not be fully developed to a point of making decisions from an informed perspective. Some advertisers, as noted by this particular author, continue to use commercial free speech and the self-regulating nature of the advertising industry to entrap children to some unnecessary wants that may, in the long-term, be detrimental to their health. Such advertisements, in my view, have obvious social ramifications in terms of increased heath care costs, early childhood mortality, and the dependence syndrome. This observation can be validated in the case study where the complainant observes that the advertisement is counterproductive to children. Third, the lack of universal set of ethical and social responsibility principles continue to present challenges within the advertising industry (Study Guide, p. 40). This observation is reinforced in the case study by the fact that the complainant found the image in the advertisement offending, while others, including the ASB and the advertiser, found it to be within acceptable ethical limits. What’s more, advertisers themselves often fail to recognize in the first instance that there exists an ethical dilemma in what they display to the public gallery in the form of advertisements (Study Guide, p. 40, 45). These assertions, in my view, are valid to the extent that society continue to be bombarded by advertisements that in most occasions have a negative bearing on what is ‘right’ or what is ‘good’ in terms of advertising ethics. It is indeed true that some advertisements as portrayed by various mediums of communications only serve to tear down the moral fabric using the misplaced excuse of lack of universal set of ethical standards. This, in social responsibility terms, is both individually and collectively wrong. Academics and advertising practitioners have over the years discovered a close correlation between advertising and economics. In this sphere of knowledge, opinions are once again divided among those who view advertising as a positive force in as far as the economic benefits discussed herein are concerned, and those who view it as a negative force in as far as the economic and social consequences, also discussed in this essay, are concerned. Pro-advertising advocates argues that advertising contributes to, among other things, higher standards of living, enhanced customer satisfaction, enhanced economies of scale, lower prices for products and services, effective and efficient mass distribution of product information to consumers in making informed decis ions, and product innovation, while anti-advertising campaigners argues that advertisement by its very nature drains away scarce resources by creating a culture of dependence that is not healthy to a free enterprise economy (Study Guide, p. 30; Potter, 2006 p. 2). The following section aims to look at two basic economic assumptions that are not only relevant to the case study, but are also in line with a free market enterprise. It should be noted at this juncture that advertising is a basic function of free market economies by virtue of the fact that it continues to be proactively used to communicate the value of products and services to people who know nothing about their reputation (Norris, 1980 p. 5). One of the four basic economic assumptions as opined by Arens et al (2011) is self-interest. In an entirely free-market representation, according to the authors, all stakeholders – consumers, suppliers, manufacturers and middle men, among others – are believed to act o ut of self interest as they seek to take full advantage of their own fulfilment. The assumption of self-interest, in my view, not only enables the stakeholders in a free-market economy to efficiently allocate scarce resources, but also creates an enabling environment whereby value and utility can be maximized. The advertiser of the ‘Naked Tan’ in the case study actively employs the basic economic assumption of self-interest to drive sales for his product, thus enhancing the value and profit margin of his business. The consumers of ‘Naked Tan’, on their own free will, can either decide to buy the product if it pleases them, and if the cost is favourable depending on their own self-interest. In consequence, it can be argued that the assumption of self-interest, superficially and comprehensively, drives free enterprise economies. The second basic economic assumption, according to Arens et al (2011) is known as complete information and entails practitioners dis playing their ads in areas that best serve their interests in as far as variables such as market share, cost, and geographic location are concerned. This assumption forms one of the hallmarks of a free-market economy, in part, due to the fact that it deals with how advertisers and marketers can be able to access information that will enable them make informed decisions, thus enhance value creation and maximize returns. From the case study, it is evidently clear that the advertiser of ‘Naked Tan’, while maintaining acceptable ethical standards as set out by the ASB, has also made use of this assumption to identify advertising locations and mediums that will ostensibly allow him to maximize value. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is evidently clear that issues of ethics and social responsibility are of germane importance to the practice of advertising. Advertisers, in striving to do what is good in the eyes of the majority members of society, must always ensure th at ethical standards are applied to advertising scheduling and decision-making processes, not mentioning the fact that they must use their social, intuitive, and cognitive abilities to ensure that the content depicted in the advertisements is acceptable to the majority number of people within any given population. The roles that advertisement play in society has been well articulated in this essay, and individual perceptions and viewpoints well delivered. Advertisers don’t live in a vacuum and, as such, they should be able to undertake comprehensive research on their target audiences for purposes of gaining an in-depth insight on their preferences and dislikes. Such an undertaking, in my view will offer the practitioners a rationalistic framework on which to base and justify their advertising based on acceptable ethical standards, and not necessarily on any legal obligation. List of References Arens, W.F., Weigold, M.F., Arens, C (2011). Contemporary Advertising, 13th Ed. Bo ston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Australian Association of National Advertisers (n.d.). Viewed http://aana.com.au/ . Drumwright, M.E., Murphy, P.E (2004). How Advertising Practitioners View Ethics. Journal of Advertising, Vol. 33, Issue 2, pp. 7-24. Johnson, G., Scholes, K (1997). Exploring Corporate Strategy, 4th Ed. London: Prentice Hall. Leiss, W., Klein, S., Jhally, S (1990). Social Communication in Advertising: Persons, Products and Images of Well-being, 2nd Ed. Ontario: Nelson. Norris, V (1980). Advertising History According to the Text Books. Journal of Advertising, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 3-11. O’Sullivan, T (2005). Advertising and Children: What do the Kids Think? Qualitative Market Research, Vol. 8, Issue 4, pp. 371-384. Pollay, R.W (1988). Keeping advertising from going down in History – Unfairly. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 22, Issue 8, pp. 7-16. Preston, I.L (2010). Interaction of Law and Ethics in Matters of Advertisers’ Responsibility for Protect ing Consumers. Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 44, Issue 1, pp 259-264. Potter, A (2006). Galbraith Theory of Advertising had us all Fooled. MACLEANS.CA. Viewed https://www.macleans.ca/ . Spitzer, R (2010). Is Social Responsibility Good? Journal of Quality Participation, Vol. 33, Issue 3, pp 13-17 Naked Tan, 28/07/2010, Ref No. 0305/10. This essay on Towards a Critical Evaluation of Ethics Social Responsibility in Advertising was written and submitted by user Sara L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Healthcare Business Proposal Essay Example

Healthcare Business Proposal Essay Example Healthcare Business Proposal Paper Healthcare Business Proposal Paper Today the whole Healthcare system (NHS) is thread bare in front of us, more than 46 million Americans have no healthcare coverage and over 40 million have minimal coverage (Dennis Kucinich, 2005). 41% of moderate to middle class Americans went without health care cover for some part of the year in 2005 and a staggering 53% of those earning less than $20000 in 2005 went without insurance for the whole year. According to National Academy of Science Institute of Medicine almost 18000 Americans die each year due to lack of health care. Where it needs Improvement (Opportunity Analysis) According to Paul Krugman (2006), the present system of spends enough amount to cover for universal healthcare but delivers almost half the results. A large chunk of money spend today goes into bureaucracy and operational inefficiency rather than providing healthcare to the people in need. He further explained that in the present system the doctor referenced has two full time medical staff and another for billing and two office assistants spending half their time in collecting insurance information on 301 different private plans. This operational complication on an average result in 20% increase in cost and delays in providing help to the needed. No wonder with such inefficiencies American healthcare expense is twice per person compare to Canada which provides universal health care for all its citizens. To put things in perspective, today the country spends 15 % of its GDP on health care compare to 9 to 10 percent spent by most other advanced countries. Secondly as American companies’ global competitiveness has decreased due to outsourcing, more and more companies today are taking the path of not covering its employees with health insurance. Today the American companies which treat its employees properly are at disadvantage and government has not initiated any steps to encourage companies to provide health cover to its employees. Business Proposal: Starting an Electronic Healthcare Record Company As this year Nobel Peace Prize winner Md. Yunus showed that there is possibility of making a socially responsible and profitable business by working with the people who are at the bottom of the prosperity pyramid. The company is aim to maintain the electronic record of its customers across the country. Each customer will have a personal account and the company will handle not only the customer’s healthcare report, diagnostic tests report and other medication report but also will be available to all the hospitals in the country. This will reduce the doubling of expensive diagnostic tests and will provide doctors starting information. It will be extra beneficial in case of emergencies where the doctors have to take quick action and need the previous record of the patient. Secondly it will also bring down the operational cost which according to economist Paul Krugman is one of the main contributor to cost. Apart from maintaining health records in collaboration with the hospitals and customers the company will help the customer in getting information regarding the insurance policies and affiliated diagnostic centers, online medicine supply and other subsidiary health care services.

Pronoun Case on SAT Writing Tips and Practice Questions

Pronoun Case on SAT Writing Tips and Practice Questions SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you ready for more grammar funPronoun case is a grammar rule that is regularly tested on the SAT. You know the drill: Learn the SAT Writing rule and you'll raise your score. There are multipe pronoun rules that are tested in SAT Writing. This one is relatively straightforward and tends to be tested a little less often than the others. However, you will most likely see at least one or two pronoun case questions on the SAT. Let's master this rule, learn tips and strategies to solve these questions, and get you one step closer to your target score. In this post, I'll do the following: Explain the difference between subjects and objects. Give you a clear understanding of pronoun case. Offer strategies that can help you correctly answer pronoun case questions. Provide you with practice questions so you can test what you've learned. Quick Review: What's a Pronoun? A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. The noun to which the pronoun refers is called the antecedent. Some examples of pronouns include I, he, she, it, me, him, her, their, we, and us. What is Pronoun Case? Case refers to whether a pronoun is being used as a subject or an object. What is a Subject? Simply, a subject is the noun that corresponds with a verb in a sentence. In a sentence where there is an action, the subject is the noun that is doing the action. Here is an example: Justin writes articles. Justin is the subject because he does the writing. In a sentence where there is a description, typically using a form of the verb "to be", the subject is the noun that is being described. Consider this possibly accurate sentence: Justin is odd. Justin is the subject because he is the person who is odd. What is an Object? An object is a noun that receives an action. An object can be a direct object of a verb, an object of a preposition, or an indirect object of a verb. Here is an example sentence with a noun as a direct object of a verb: I ate an orange. The object is "an orange" because that is what I ate. Here's an example sentence in which I bolded the object of the preposition: John spoke to his niece. John's niece is the object because she is the person to whom he spoke. An indirect object comes before the direct object and indicates to whom or for whom the action is done and who is receiving the direct object. Here is an example sentence with the indirect object bolded: I gave my girlfriend a sweatshirt. In the sentence "my girlfriend" is the indirect object because I gave a sweatshirt to her. The sweatshirt is the direct object because that is what I gave. If you're confused by the concept of an indirect object, for the purpose of pronoun case, just remember that the object receives the action, either directly or indirectly. Subject Pronouns Vs. Object Pronouns If a noun is being used as a subject, it can be replaced by a subject pronoun. If a noun is being used as an object, it can be replaced by an object pronoun. Here is a list of subject pronouns: SINGULAR SUBJECT PRONOUNS I You He/She/It/One Who PLURAL SUBJECT PRONOUNS We You They Who Here is a list of object pronouns, corresponding to the ones above: SINGULAR OBJECT PRONOUNS Me You Her/Him/It/One Whom PLURAL OBJECT PRONOUNS Us You Them Whom Now that we've covered all the basics, we are equipped with the necessary knowledge to tackle pronoun case questions on the SAT. Pronoun Case on the SAT The SAT tests you on whether you should use a subject pronoun or an object pronoun. You will be tested on the following subject/object pairs: I Vs. Me She, He Vs. Her, Him We Vs. Us They Vs. Them Who Vs. Whom So, now we'll go through the process of how to decide whether to use a subject or an object pronoun in a given sentence. Strategy Let's go over some example sentences showing how subject pronouns can replace subjects and object pronouns can replace objects. Check out the following sentence: Sonia delivered a spectacular speech. Let's replace "Sonia" with a pronoun. First, we have to determine if Sonia is a subject or an object. Well, because she is the person who did the action, she is the subject. So, we must use a subject pronoun. After replacing "Sonia" with a pronoun, the sentence should read: She delivered a spectacular speech. You cannot replace "Sonia" with an object pronoun. You cannot write "Her delivered a spectacular speech." That is an example of a pronoun case error. Here is another example sentence: Hillary Clinton gave her autograph to Bob. Let's go through the same process and replace "Bob" with a pronoun. Is Bob a subject or an object? Well, he follows the preposition "to" and received the autograph from Hillary Clinton. Bob is an object. So, we have to replace Bob with an object pronoun. The resulting sentence should look like this: Hillary Clinton gave her autograph to him. If we made a pronoun case error when replacing "Bob" with a pronoun, the sentence would read, "Hillary Clinton gave her autograph to he." This rule seems relatively simple, right? Subjects do actions. Objects receive actions. Well, we know the SAT likes to complicate the most basic sentences and truly test your understanding of a grammar rule. Pronoun case questions become more difficult in sentences with compound subjects and compound objects. The Same Rules Apply for Compound Subjects and Compound Objects Compound just means that two nouns are connected with the word "and". In a sentence with a compound subject, there are two nouns that serve as the subject. In a sentence with compound objects, there are two objects of the same verb. Let's look at an example sentence: Ice-T and Justin met at an IHOP. "Ice-T and Justin" are the subject. They are the people who did the meeting. Now, let's replace "Justin" with a pronoun. We know that "Justin" is a subject so we have to use a subject pronoun. Because I am Justin, my sentence would look like this: Ice-T and I met at an IHOP. If you were writing this sentence about me, your sentence would look like this: Ice-T and he met at an IHOP. That sentence probably sounds awkward to you, but it is grammatically correct. Most people would use the object pronoun and write, "Ice-T and him met at an IHOP." That would be a pronoun case error. Remember, always follow the grammar rules and avoid relying on what "sounds right". Let's go through the same process with another example sentence: Mr. T gave gold chains to Marc and Justin. Again, let's replace "Justin" with a pronoun. Are "Marc and Justin" subjects or objects? Well, they received the gold chains. Also, they follow the preposition "to". They are objects. So, we have to replace "Justin" with an object pronoun. Because I am Justin, this would be my sentence: Mr. T gave gold chains to Marc and me. Many students are tempted to write "Marc and I" in this situation. However, in this sentence, that would be a pronoun case error. "I" can only be used as a subject and "me" can only be used as an object. If you were writing the preceding example sentence about me, you would write: Mr. T gave gold chains to Marc and him. Because we are replacing an object with a pronoun, we have to use an object pronoun. The SAT tends to use compound subjects or objects in questions that test pronoun case because the correct answer often sounds wrong to us. So, can we employ a strategy that allows us to more easily identify pronoun case errors in sentences with compound subjects or objects? Yes!!! Strategy If you see a compound subject/object, cross out the other noun and "and". For compound objects, the sentence should still be grammatically correct. Let's do this with the previous example: Mr. T gave gold chains to Marc and me. This sentence probably sounds less awkward to you. Most likely, you would be able to immediately identify a pronoun case error if you saw a sentence that read, "Mr. T gave gold chains to I". If you do the same thing with a compound subject, the sentence will be grammatically correct if you also change the verb from plural to singular, due to subject-verb agreement. However, keep in mind that the singular and plural forms of a verb can be the same. Let's use the cross-out method with a compound subject to help determine if there is a pronoun case error. Look at the following sentence: Nathan and him went to college together. After crossing out the noun and "and", we're left with "him went to college together". Does "him went to college" sound right to you? Probably not. Regardless, let's rely on the rules. In this sentence, is "him" a subject or an object? It's a subject because they did the action. They went together. Because "him" is an object pronoun, there is a pronoun case error. The sentence should read: Nathan and he went to college together. Let's use what we've learned on a real example from the SAT. Real SAT Writing Example This is an example taken from an actual SAT. Try to use your newly acquired knowledge of pronoun case and the appropriate strategy to answer this question. This is an "identify the error" question. Where is the error? Is there an error? Well, let's take a look at answer choice C and determine if "I" is being used correctly. If we use the cross-out strategy we learned to utilize with compound subjects/objects, we're left with "Mary invited I". Perhaps you know the answer at this point. If not, let's take this a step further. Is "I" being used as a subject or object? Well, in the sentence, "I" is receiving the action. "I" is being invited. Therefore, "I" is being used as an object. That is incorrect. The pronoun "I" can only be used as a subject. The answer is C. The sentence should read, "Mary invited Sandhya and me". Here's one more example for you: Is there a pronoun case error in this sentence? Let's look at the phrase "him and his sister Rosa were presented". If we use the cross-out strategy and change the verb from plural to singular, we're left with "him was presented". Would you ever say, "him was presented with an award"? I hope not, because "him" is an object pronoun and it is being used as a subject! In the example sentence, the phrase should be "he and his sister Rosa were presented with awards". The answer is A. Who Vs. Whom Occasionally, the SAT will also test you on whether to use "who" or "whom" in a sentence. These words are known as relative pronouns. Most people have no idea when and how to properly use "who" and "whom". Luckily, the rule is pretty simple. The word "who" is a subject pronoun and "whom" is an object pronoun. Here's a tip to help you more easily answer questions involving "who" or "whom". Strategy In terms of pronoun case, "who" and "whom" function like "he" and "him". The word "who" is a subject pronoun and "whom" is an object pronoun. To determine if there is a pronoun case error, replace "who" with "he" and "whom" with "him". If the antecedent is plural, replace "who" with "they" and "whom" with "them". Here is an example sentence: Justin, who is my teacher, knows when to use "whom" correctly. So, the sentence is saying that Justin is my teacher. "Who" modifies Justin, who is being described as my teacher. If we replace "who" with "he", the resulting sentence is grammatically correct: He is my teacher. Therefore, "who" is being properly used as a subject. Take a look at this sentence: Justin, whom I adore, writes articles for PrepScholar. In the sentence, the clause with "whom" is saying that "I adore Justin". If we replace "whom" with "him", the resulting sentence is also grammatically correct: I adore him. The word "whom" is being properly used as an object. It is modifying "Justin", who is receiving the adoration. Do you get it? Here's one more example: My friend, to whom I wrote a nasty e-mail, is not talking to me. Here, the sentence is saying that "I wrote a nasty e-mail to my friend". If we're replacing "my friend" with a pronoun, would we use the subject or object case? Well, since "my friend" follows the preposition "to" and receives the action, you should use the object form. You would write "I wrote a nasty e-mail to him" and not "I wrote a nasty e-mail to he." Therefore, you would also use the object case of the relative pronoun. The word "whom" is being used correctly in the sentence. Now we can take what we've learned to an actual example from an SAT. Real SAT Writing Example Here is an "identify the error" question from a real SAT. Use our strategy and your knowledge of pronoun case to determine if "who" is being used correctly: In the sentence, "who" is modifying the investors. The antencedent is plural, so with our replacement strategy we should use a plural pronoun. Does the grammatically correct sentence use a subject pronoun? Should it be "They sold stocks"? Or does the grammatically correct sentence use an object pronoun? Should it be "Them sold stocks"? The answer, of course, is that the sentence requires a subject pronoun. The investors did the selling. Therefore, "who" is being used correctly. Actually, the answer to this question is D. The word "exceptional" should be in the adverb form, "exceptionally". Now that we have thoroughly investigated pronoun case and the various types of pronoun case questions on the SAT, here are some general strategies to ensure that you correctly answer any pronoun case question you may encounter. Almost there! General SAT Writing Strategies for Pronoun Case #1: If a Pronoun is Underlined, Check for an Error in Pronoun Case If a pronoun is underlined in any of the writing subsections (sentence improvement, identify the error, or paragraph improvement), make sure there is not a pronoun case error. #2: Determine if the Pronoun is Being Used as a Subject or Object If the pronoun is doing the action or being described, it is a subject. If the pronoun is receiving the action, it is an object. Use subject pronouns for subjects and object pronouns for objects. Use the replacement strategy, if necessary, to help determine if a noun is a subject or object. #3: The Same Rules Apply for Compound Subjects/Objects If you see a compound subject/object, the sentence should be grammatically correct if you get rid of one of the nouns and "and". Change "John and I went to the store" to "I went to the store". The sentence is still correct. So, if you see a compound subject/object on the SAT, use the cross out strategy to help determine if there is a pronoun case error. For compound subjects, also make sure that you change the verb from plural to singular. #4: If a Pronoun Follows a Preposition, It is an Object Pronoun Pronouns that follow prepositions, specifically "to", "for", or "between", should be in the object case. #5: Use the Replacement Strategy for Who Vs. Whom If you are trying to determine whether "who" or "whom" should be used, replace "who" with "he" for singular antecedents and "who" with "they" for plural antecedents. In the spirit of gender equality, you can also replace "who" with "she". The word "whom" should be replaced with "him" for singular antecedents and "them" for plural antecedents. Again, feel free to replace "whom" with "her". Additional Practice Hopefully by this point you understand pronoun case and how to correctly answer any pronoun case question that may appear on the SAT. I've created some realistic SAT Writing practice questionsto test you on what you've learned. Remember to use the general strategies I referenced above. 1. Inside the classroom, my teacher (A) and me (B) have a relationship that (C) inspires me (D) to learn. No error (E) 2.Due to her (A) excellent behavior and kindness to others, (B) she (C) was given the citizenship award by her (D) principal. No error (E) 3. Even after our (A) nasty fight, there is (B) no animosity between (C) our neighbors and we. (D) No error (E) 4.We (A) were surprised to learn (B) that the honor of carrying (C) the torch was bestowed upon she. (D) No error (E) 5.I (A) was excited to hand the coach and they (B) their (C) trophy after they (D) won the championship game. (E) No error Answers: 1. B, 2., E, 3. D, 4. D, 5. B What's Next? Keep honing all the skills you need to do well on SAT Writing. I recommend checking out this article about what's actually tested on SAT Writing. If you're focusing on grammar, read the complete guide to SAT grammar rules. Those who want to challenge themselves and test their mastery of the SAT Writing section should check out this post about the hardest SAT writing questions. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Writing and grammar lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

The History of Australian Mining Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The History of Australian Mining - Assignment Example Even in those early years trading routes were established which crisscrossed the country. The people also used coal for cooking and heating and it is mentioned in the dream stories of the Awabakal people who lived in the area of modern Newcastle. Modern day mining though began following the arrival of European settlers on the east coast seaboard in 1788. In the early days of the new colony Hawkesbury sandstone was quarried and shaped of use in early buildings at Sydney Cove. The incomers soon spread and the first discovery of coal occurred near Newcastle area in 1791, due to the activities of runaway convicts, including William Bryant. This discovery led to further investigations of possible sources and within a few years coal was being mined in several areas both north and South of Sydney. At first ship owners only collected coal from the surface at New castle. This they then shipped from 1798 onwards to the larger community at Sydney. The following year enough coal was available to allow its export to India. Half a century later in April 1851 gold was found by gold was made by John Lister and William Tom at Ophir, in central New South Wales. An associate of theirs Edward Hargraves, showed their gold to the then Colonial Secretary. It was Hargraves who claimed the reward of  £5000 for its discovery . Lister, Tom and the Rev. W.B. Clarke received only  £500 each. It seems however, according to recently discovered correspondence that the government had already acknowledged that there was gold to be found at Ophir.

IV Catheter Insertion Needle Stick Incidences Research Paper

IV Catheter Insertion Needle Stick Incidences - Research Paper Example The needle stick injuries are relatively lower. The healthcare workers face a great risk, due to occupational exposure to blood and body fluids. The exposure may lead to transmission of disease causing pathogens, which result to infection and other hazardous consequences for the health workers. The safety catheter requires activation by user, and it is simple to activate and this ensures that injuries are minimized. Therefore, it clear that needle stick injuries are preventable through the use of safe needles, and the application of worker education and practice controls that are driven towards the reduction of injuries. On average, a health care practitioner is exposed to the dangers of deadly blood borne pathogens, through the contamination of needle sticks, or splash exposures (American Nurses Association, 2002). This is a great risk that faces every frontline health worker. Although this problem is regarded as part of the job of the health care workers, the Needle stick Safety and Prevention Act of 2001 is a legislation that was signed by the federal government, for the purpose of safeguarding the welfare of healthcare workers. The paper seeks to examine the issue of IV Catheter Insertion Needles, and particularly, whether the introduction of IV catheter insertion needles reduces the risk of needle sticks (Jegger & Bentley, 1998). The retractable needle IV catheter is designed in a manner that reduces the needle-stick injuries, and this is in line with the federal regulations, on the risk of heath care workers. Needle stick injuries are accidental skin penetrations and stab wounds, which are caused by hollow-bore needles, which include hypodermic needles, blood-collection needles, IV catheter stylets and other needles (Lawson, n.d.). Nurses and health care workers are exposed to needle sticks, at least every month while either inserting or removing the peripheral IV catheters. This form of risk is reported to be

Health Impacts of the Modern American Diet

Health Impacts of the Modern American Diet In contrast to the epidemics of infectious diseases in the 18th and 19th centuries, the conventional dietary guidelines Americans have been receiving in the past many years has resulted in an epidemic of another genre, that is Obesity. The magnitude of obesity epidemic surpasses the historical epidemics in terms of causing disease and deaths, and an economic burden on individuals and nations at large. About 25% of American populations use Statins (cholesterol lowering drugs) and more and more consume diet low in fat, but inspite of these steps more American are expected to die of heart disease than ever before. American heart Association statistics estimate that presently 75 million Americans have heart disease; about 20 million suffer from diabetes while another 57 million are prediabetics, at risk of developing diabetes disease later. All these diseases are affecting younger population more, contrary to the myth that chronic diseases only affect old people. In contrast to the epidemics of infectious diseases in the 18th and 19th centuries ,the conventional dietary guidelines Americans have been receiving in the past many years has resulted in an epidemic of another genre ,that is Obesity. The magnitude of obesity epidemic surpasses the historical epidemics in terms of causing disease and deaths, and an economic burden on individuals and nations at large. About 25% of American populations use Statins(cholesterol lowering drugs) and more and more consume diet low in fat, but inspite of these steps more American are expected to die of heart disease than ever before. American heart Association statistics estimate that presently 75 million Americans have heart disease; about 20 million suffer from diabetes while another 57 million are prediabetics, at risk of developing diabetes disease later. All these diseases are affecting younger population more, contrary to the myth that chronic diseases only affect old people. Americans have been thriving on a typical diet full of sugars, carbohydrates and processed foods with omega 6 oils, for the last 60 years. While we are enjoying the sweetness of a baked roll in our mouth, our bodies perceive it as a threat to its well-being like an enemy waging war. How can an innocent looking, delicious sweet roll cause a cascade of inflammation to cause serious disease? When you eat simple carbohydrates like sugar, it causes the blood sugar to rise. In response pancreas secrete a hormone Insulin meant to control the blood sugar level. Insulin drives the extra sugar into cells, but if the cells do not require that sugar they throw extra sugar again into blood, as excessive sugar might impair their function. The body secretes more insulin to deal with the rise in blood sugar as a result of extra sugar rejected by cells. The extra glucose gets converted to stored fats. Let’s talk more about that â€Å"not so innocent† sweet roll. Sugar is not the only culprit contained in it .it is baked in omega6 oils like soybean. The same omega 6 oils are used in chips and fries and present in processed foods to give longer shelf life. These omega 6 oils are essential as they are part of cell membranes ,but they need be in correct balance with omega 3 oils .A faulty balance between the two , due to excessive consumption of omega 6 can cause cell membranes to produce Cytokines ,chemical substances which cause inflammation. The ideal ratio of omega 6 and omega 3 should be 1:1, but up to 3; 1 is acceptable considering the trends in food consumption, but today an average American diet is imbalanced to the range of 15:1 to as high as 30:1 in favor of omega-6.This results in huge amounts of cytokines causing inflammation. To add to the injury caused by high blood sugar, the excess weight that we accumulate as a result of these foods, cause over-burdened fat cells which release chemical substances contributing in causing inflammation. So the journey that starts with savoring a sweet roll trigger the harmful process of inflammation in our body causing heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and Alzheimers disease, There is no choice but to accept that our bodies are not designed by nature to utilize foods rich in sugar and dripping with omega 6 oils. Our continued use of these foods means that inflammatory process in our bodies goes unabated. The solution for curbing this inflammatory process lies in getting closer to nature. Consume foods in their natural form. For carbohydrates choose fruits and vegetables (contain complex carbohydrates), eat proteins to build muscles. Restrict the use of mega 6 oils like corn oil and soybean oil and processed foods containing them. Make healthier choices, one tablespoon of corn oil contains 7,280 mg of omega-6; soybean contains 6,940 mg, instead choose to use olive oil or butter from grass-fed beef. These animal fats contain less than 20% of omega 6, thus much lesser risk for causing inflammation, as opposed to the so called healthier polyunsaturated oils. The myth that saturated fats alone are responsible for heart disease has been drummed into your ears for so long that you believe it as â€Å"science†. It is time for you to leave behind all overstated science of saturated fats raising cholesterol and only saturated fats causing heart disease. In context of the new discovery, that inflammation not cholesterol causes heart disease, the concern about saturated fats no longer remains relevant. The old cholesterol theory led to low fat and no fat dietary recommendations and consumption of foods taking the injurious effects of inflammation to an epidemic proportion. People were wronged by the advice to increase the consumption of omega 6 oils and decreasing the use of saturated fats, leading to injurious cascade of inflammation inside our bodies; it resulted in all-time highest rates for developing heart and other chronic diseases What you can do to Right this wrong? I will emphasize again, go natural. Try to remember the foods your grandmother served on the table and get closer to them instead of processed foods your mother bought from the grocery store. Good news is that by avoiding the inflammatory food and consuming fresh unprocessed food containing essential nutrients, you cannot only halt the process of inflammation inside the body, but you can also turn the wheels of this process backwards and reverse the injurious effects of eating a typical American diet for many years. Animal Proteins; You Should Eat Them for a Healthy Heart Most people think that only health problem associated with eating a vegetarian, also called as vegan diet, is Vitamin B12 deficiency, as its present only in animal sources in its natural form. This is a serious health hazard as research has shown that vitamin B12 deficiency can cause elevated homocysteine levels, which increase the risk for developing heart disease and stroke. But, B12 deficiency is not the only health risk associated with vegan diet. New research is coming up with evidence that diet devoid of all animal foods leads to a low dietary intake of proteins and sulfur amino acids, thus increasing the risk of heart disease in vegetarians. Vegetables are an excellent source of nutrients and have lots of benefits for the heart and overall health. You can eat as much vegetables as you like without any health fear, rather this is what should be aimed by every one for optimal health. The problem arises when you eliminate animal proteins completely from your diets resulting in deficiency of valuable nutrients that can only be obtained from animal sources. According to WHO (World health Organization), 36 million people die each year because of chronic diseases also known a Non communicable diseases. The four major diseases of this group include heart diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, Diabetes and cancers. In the US, in the Year 2013, more than 1,660,290 new cancer cases were projected to be diagnosed and about 580,350 Americans died from the disease. Today, heart disease is the leading Couse of death in America, both in men and women. About 600,000 Americans die of heart disease annually. Modern biomedical science has made leaps of advancement in technology in the last 50 years or so, but western medicine has failed to control the occurrence of these top killer diseases, i.e. cancer and heart disease. Practice over the years has shown that western medicine has developed â€Å"conventional strategies† for dealing these diseases from the diagnosis to treatment .These conventional strategies are based on wrong assumptions and approaches that have proven to be more harmful than beneficial. Moreover, these strategies of modern medicine do not address the root cause of the problem, which is a faulty diet high in Sugars and processed foods. For more than 60 years, saturated fats have been held responsible for causing heart disease. The conventional dietary advice and recommendations for prevention of heart diseases have remained focused on low fat diet, but these faulty recommendations have actually contributed in the epidemic of heart disease and other chronic diseases, we are facing today. Stress on low fat diets has resulted in promulgation of a very dangerous low-fat, high-sugar diet. Actually, an optimum diet that promotes health and prevents diseases should be high in good fats and very low in sugars and carbohydrates from the non-vegetable sources. Research conducted by some of the most prestigious institutions in the US confirms that Sugar is the main dietary factor responsible for development of chronic diseases. This information that sugar especially in form of fructose is the main culprit in causing heart disease and cancers enables you to chalk out a prevention plan for yourself. Health practitioners and naturopaths have been warning against the health risks associated with the high consumption of sugars. Many people stop or decrease the use of sugar in tea or coffee and other sweets or confectionaries, but you have to beware of the Hidden sugar in food products. Hidden sugar is present as ‘High fructose corn syrup’ (HFCS) in almost every processed food item ranging from sodas to yogurts, sauces, and breads. Many staple foods which are grain based like wheat, corn or rice are also eventually converted to the sugar in your body. Thus, the bagels, pan cakes and breakfast cereal are actually increasing the sugar burden in your body. The main culprit among sugars is Fructose. Clinical trials showed that people consuming HFCS were more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases risk factor in a short span of almost two weeks. The brighter side is that studies have also shown that if sugar consumption is restricted ,whatever sugar form it may be ,it significantly decreases the risk for developing both breast and colon cancers. The health benefits of fruits are far more greater than any concerns for fructose damage ,but remember two principles Eat in moderation ,as the newer trend to grow fruits that are very sweet has resulted in very high levels of fructose in fruits as compared to earlier times Eat the whole fruit and refrain from juices, as juice contains only the sugar and vitamins and deficient in the fiber and other nutrients contained in the pulp of fruits. The real cause of concern is the High fructose syrup that is added in almost every processed food or drink that we buy. Healthy diet for maintaining blood glucose and Insulin levels, in conjunction with a comprehensive exercise program are two essential components of a cancer recovery program. These are also essential parts of any cancer prevention strategy. Diet and exercise also play an important role in preventing heart disease. Research studies have shown that exercise can reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases by a factor of three. In a recent meta-analysis conducted at the Bloomberg institute of Public health, 305 randomized controlled trials were reviewed for comparing the effects of exercise and heart disease medications. The analysis interestingly revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the effects of exercise and heart medicines like statins (cholesterol lowering drugs) and beta blockers. The crux of the matter remains that a â€Å"Healthy life style†, to maintain an adequate weight with healthy eating and regular exercise is the need. A healthy diet and exercise program ensures that insulin and leptin receptor sensitivity is maintained. As mentioned earlier, insulin and leptin resistance, resulting for the excessive consumption of refined sugars and lack of exercise, is the root cause of all chronic diseases Things to be done to reverse insulin and lepton resistance effectively are; Keep away from sugar, processed foods ,processed fructose and grains Consume healthy diet of organic, whole foods Carbohydrates in grains can be replaced with healthier choices like large quantities of vegetables, high quality proteins in low to moderate amounts; ideally form organically raised pastured animals. Forget the faulty recommendation of 10% fats in diet. Consume as much as you like from healthy fats (saturated and monosaturated fats from animal and tropical oil sources).For optimum health people may use up to 50-85% fats in their diet Deep fried food in Traditional Southern Diet makes you prone for developing- STROKE The traditional southern food is famous for the deep fried stuff, but new medical research suggests that consumption of these deep fried food increases the risk for developing Stroke. The results from a research study conducted at University of Alabama at Birmingham were presented at the annual International Stroke Conference in Hawaii. The results showed a massive 41 % percent increase in the risk for developing stroke for people who use the typical southern diet rich in deep fried items regularly, as compared to those who don’t use such food, and the risk was even higher for African-American which was 63 percent How to attain Balance in Omega 6:3 Ratio I would be giving you few tips for avoiding the consumption of foods that would adversely affect the omega 6:3 ratio. 1: Always read the label of the foods and condiments you buy. Almost all processed and prepackaged food contains oils that are rich in omega 6 and thus would adversely affect your Omega 6:3 balance. In the following table you would find oils rich in omega 6, thus need to be avoided and the other alternate choices of fats that are acceptable for maintaining this balance. The paleo diet consumed by our forefathers mainly consisted of lean meats, vegetables, fruits nuts, seeds and very limited amounts of grains, along with a very active lifestyle they maintained their blood sugar levels in the range of 60 to 90 mg /dl. Meanwhile the high carb and sugary diets which are consumed today result in unhealthy spikes in blood sugar levels. The excess blood sugar in our blood causes many health hazards including heart disease, damage to the blood vessels and may trigger yeast over growth resulting in fungal infections

Nelson Mandela’s Speech “I Am Prepared to Die” Essay

In 1962-1964, Nelson Mandela was charged for opposing the white government of South Africa, high treason, sabotage, and the conspiracy to overthrow the government. In his defense, Mandela gave a speech titled â€Å"I am Prepared to Die† at his trial. This speech is powerful and full of literary devices. In parts of this potent speech he utilizes facts, statistics, and allusions as a tool to his defense. In the beginnings of his speech he uses an anecdote, which is a short interesting story about a real incident or person. Here Mandela states that as young boy in Transkei he listened to the elders of his tribe telling stories of how it used to be, and of wars their ancestors fought against the fatherland, and names such as Dingane, Bambata, Hinsta, and Makana were praised all over the African nation. He uses this to elucidate that he hoped to help his people and make a difference in their freedom. As of the factual parts he states within them, that he admits he was one of the people who helped to form Umkhonto we Sizwe until he was arrested in August 1962, holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Arts and practiced as an attorney in Johannesburg, a convicted prisoner serving five years, and saying that more than 85,000 people defied the apartheid laws and went to jail. With more facts throughout the speech, it gave Mandela more of a reasoning to not be convicted. As of the statistical portions of this speech he stated that more than 85,000 people were arrested for defying the apartheid laws, adaging that 70 percent of South Africa were not entitled to vote, also stating that sixty-nine unarmed Africans died at Sharpeville. These statistics gave Mandela more edge to his defense and supported him. Though Mandela’s speech was intense it wasn’t enough to find him innocent. He was sentenced to life, which he was released at 71 years of age, on February 11, 1990. Yet I still find that this speech was powerful. The literary devices gave him edge and his evidence was correct.